Questions, answered.

MM-ECD magnetic measurements are collected from the surface and generally require no exploratory drilling or dewatering. Electrode placement and site access are project specific and may use existing water bodies, wells, or ground-contact locations. Where operations and safety requirements permit, a structure can remain in service during data acquisition.

There is no universal depth rating. For MM-ECD, usable depth and vertical resolution depend on electrode placement, survey geometry, site dimensions, signal-to-noise conditions, geology, conductivity contrast, and independent depth constraints. We estimate the expected investigation depth during scoping and report model-derived depth ranges with their assumptions and limitations.

Magnetometric Electrical Current Distribution is Willowstick’s patented controlled-source electromagnetic method. A signature alternating current is injected through the area of interest, the resulting magnetic field is measured on a surface grid, and the electrical-current distribution is modeled. Hydrogeologic and site data are then used to interpret preferential conductive connections that may be associated with groundwater or seepage. MSR may add a separate constraint on discontinuities and fluid-conducive zones.

MM-ECD is a controlled-source electromagnetic method: Willowstick establishes an alternating-current circuit, measures the resulting magnetic field on a surface grid, and models the electrical-current distribution. MSR is a distinct passive method that records naturally occurring ground vibrations and evaluates resonance patterns associated with subsurface discontinuities or fluid-conducive zones. The two datasets can complement one another, but the acronyms are not interchangeable.

No. Gamma Scintillation records spatial variations in naturally occurring gamma radiation near the ground surface. Those variations reflect changes in potassium, uranium, thorium, soil, and rock. Willowstick evaluates relative gamma-count patterns as one indirect line of evidence for lithologic boundaries and groundwater target ranking, alongside geology, terrain, MSR, drilling records, and other site information.

Three-component electromagnetic surveying records the electromagnetic response along three orthogonal axes. Minerals Canada uses borehole and surface configurations to constrain the orientation, continuity, and geometry of conductive responses for mineral exploration. A conductor is a geophysical target, not automatic proof of a specific mineral, so interpretation is integrated with geology, drilling, geochemistry, and other evidence.

Field acquisition is often completed in days and interpretation in weeks. The actual schedule depends on site size, access, method mix, weather, data quality, and the level of integration required with existing site information.

Deliverables typically include survey coverage and quality-control information, 2D maps, 3D models where supported, georeferenced anomalies, interpreted pathway targets, model-derived depth ranges where justified, and a clear statement of assumptions and limitations. The results are designed for integration with geology, instrumentation, drilling, and engineering assessment.

LiDAR provides elevation point clouds and terrain models. Photogrammetry converts overlapping images into orthomosaics, point clouds, and 3D surface models. Satellite and airborne remote sensing can add multispectral, thermal, InSAR, or repeat-elevation observations when appropriate. These datasets establish surface geometry and change context; they do not independently prove a subsurface groundwater pathway.